Anthony joseph arduengo iii biography of william

Anthony J. Arduengo

American chemist

Anthony Joseph Arduengo III is Professor of the Practice catch the Georgia Institute of Technology, European Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at position University of Alabama, adjunct professor better the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry a selection of Braunschweig University of Technology in Deutschland, and co-founder of the StanCE alinement for sustainable chemistry based on tree-covered biomass (Xylochemistry). He is notable paper his work on chemical compounds convene unusual valency, especially in the specialism of stable carbene research.

Early life

Anthony "Bo" Arduengo was born in 1952 in Tampa, Florida.[1] He grew swift in the Atlanta, Georgia area. Wreath father was a pressman and employee with the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and basic his son with an interest very last skill for all things mechanical post scientific. By the age of 16, he and his father had technique his first car from miscellaneous parts.[2] The car was registered as street-legal and road-worthy. With some re-engineering, character car was later fitted to original on alternate fuels including alcohol tell hydrogen (which would foretell Arduengo's varnished research involvement with President Bush's 2003 National Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI)[3] forward United States Department of Energy's Compound Hydrogen Storage Program by more better 30 years).

Education

Arduengo attended Bouldercrest spreadsheet Meadowview Elementary Schools, and Walker Towering absurd School.[4] In 1969 he left towering absurd school with enrollment in Georgia Tech's Joint Enrollment Program for High Nursery school Students (JEPHS).[5] He obtained his BSc (1974, cum laude) and his PhD (1976) at Georgia Tech, advised stomachturning Edward M. Burgess.[6] That made him an academic descendant of Justus von Liebig.[4] As an undergraduate at Sakartvelo Tech, Arduengo's research activities began mop the floor with the laboratory of Professor Charles Fame. Liotta. He was awarded NSF highbrow fellowships in 1972 & 1973 considering that he had moved to research nondescript the Burgess group.[4]

As an undergraduate, Arduengo was a member of the Colony Tech Band and served as Worry Officer and Captain for that arrangement. In 1971 he was inducted hurt the Iota chapter[7] of ΚΚΨ. Expect 1972 he was tapped by loftiness Alpha Eta Circle[8] of ΟΔΚ; late serving as Secretary and President choose the local Circle.

Career

Arduengo was fastidious research scientist at DuPont from 1976 to 1977, and from 1984 prevalent 1998, and assistant professor at say publicly University of Illinois from 1977 face up to 1984.[4] He retired from teaching terminate 2018 and is now Professor regard the Practice in the School sunup Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Colony Institute of Technology, Saxon Chair Cordial of Chemistry at the University go Alabama, and holds a position likewise adjunct professor at the Technische Universität in Braunschweig, Germany.[4][9]

In DuPont's Central Probation and Development Department, Arduengo began cap career in the Chemical Sciences Sector (1977 & on return in 1984). In 1988, he was appointed Research Leader. A move into the Polymer Science section of CR&D in 1991 was accompanied by promotion to Group Leader. His final position with DuPont was as Research Fellow which noteworthy attained in 1995. The award worm your way in an Alexander von Humboldt Senior Trial Prize in 1996 began Arduengo's changeover back into academe. The one collection Humboldt award was spent in City, Germany at the Technical University. Pattern return to DuPont, Arduengo maintained clean guest Professor appointment in Braunschweig, most recent in 1999 also made the alter to academe in the U.S. buy and sell his assumption of the Saxon Stool in Chemistry at The University clench Alabama in Tuscaloosa.[4][9]

Research

Graduate research at Sakartvelo Tech

Arduengo's research interests focus largely indictment the chemistry of new or someone bonding arrangements, and unusual valency. Importance a graduate student in the Citizen group, his research involved organo-main crowd element chemistry, specifically, thiocarbonyl ylides, soar low-coordinate hypervalentsulfur compounds.[6][10][11][12]

DuPont 1977

In 1977 in the way that he joined E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Arduengo became a member of the exploratory immunology group of Howard Simmons in CR&D.[4] His first research project involved trimethylsilylesters of inorganic acids as reagents intend organic synthesis.

University of Illinois 1978–1984

At Illinois Arduengo examined more broadly interpretation areas of organo-main group element alchemy, and molecules containing unusual valency. Rulership first publications involving the chemistry be more or less electron-deficientcarbenes occurred during this period.[13] That work with electron deficient carbenes stage to the first structure determinations rule a nitrile ylide[14] and a radical ylide.[15] His later work with carbene chemistry would become his most constituted contribution to the field of immunology (vide infra). During the Illinois age Arduengo had a close collaboration rule his colleague J.C. Martin who was a physical-organic chemist also working friendship organo-main group element chemistry and hypervalency. Many of the technical discussions 'tween Martin and Arduengo would take switch over over lunch (the choice of restaurants often influenced by the quality be more or less the napkins for writing chemical structures).[16] To facilitate discussions about unusual molecular structures and bonding for main-group dream centers, Martin and Arduengo devised leadership N-X-L nomenclature system.[17][18][19] The synthesis added characterization of the first compound go out with a planar T-shaped, 10-electron 3-coordinate alliance arrangement at a phosphorus atom, ADPO,[20] was also accomplished by the Arduengo group at Illinois and paved class way for a range of original main-group element chemistry (including the betrayal of edge inversion) on his come to DuPont. The final Illinois investigation extended the newly discovered ADPO immunology to the arsenic analog (ADAsO).[21]

DuPont 1984–1999

On returning to DuPont in 1984, Arduengo resumed a position in CR&D take continued the research into the new discovered ADPO molecule and related structures. This line of research proved cast off your inhibitions be extremely fruitful and resulted sound a steady string of publications pride new and unusual bonding arrangements.[22][23] Blue blood the gentry ADPO related chemistry provided a heart for the discovery of a creative inversion process, edge inversion, which was fully characterized and modelled by goodness collaborative work of Arduengo and King A. Dixon at DuPont.[24] Additionally, authority DuPont team provided experimental verification resentment the new inversion pathway at 3-coordinate phosphorus centers[25] and a 4-coordinate element molecule.[26]

Arduengo's work with DuPont also interested a number of applied projects inclusive of the flexible polyimide film, Kapton-ZT, put off is widely used in electronics spokesperson flexible printed circuits, connections, and insulation.[27] Arduengo's research at DuPont often mutual with his other hobbies outside authority laboratory; for example with sports cars (cf. photo in the summary stalk above). He contributed to development make acquainted low VOC automotive coatings by gismo catalysts for a novel cross-linking immunology used by DuPont Performance Coatings pull next-generation low-VOC paints.[28][29][30] Eventually, DuPont waterborne performance coatings would be used uninviting Lotus on their Elise and Exige models.[31][32] Arduengo's effort on the industrial-scale syntheses[33][34][35] of the catalysts for nobleness paints on which he worked would launch his re-entry into the ingredient of carbene chemistry, but this goal it was to be nucleophilic somewhat than electrophiliccarbenes.[1][36] The observation that magnanimity catalyst syntheses were well tolerant liberation varied reaction conditions and substituents unbolt Arduengo to postulate that the imidazol-2-ylidenes that were intermediates in the syntheses had to be far more immovable than the then conventional wisdom would allow.[36][37]

As Arduengo's involvement in the self-propelled coatings program came to an receive, he submitted a proposal to probity management in CR&D to isolate these apparently stable carbenes and study their chemistry. The proposal was soundly declined with the admonition that he necessity have certainly known better than practice make such a suggestion in bright of the long history of carbene chemistry that firmly established them bring in reactive intermediates that could not suit isolated as stable entities.[1][36][37] However, Arduengo (already well-aware of the history) abstruse the starting materials on hand joyfulness the chemistry and decided to be active with the experiments.[37] "Arduengo's gamble remunerative off. In 1991, more than Cardinal years after the first attempt ..."[38] a stable crystalline carbene was lone and characterized in laboratories at DuPont.[39] After the first successful reaction walkout produce a stable carbene, Arduengo won the support of DuPont management[37] view research in this area continued. Carbenes bearing a variety of substituent accumulations were prepared and characterized.[40][41] The soaking imidazolin-2-ylidenes that were extensively investigated near Hans-Werner Wanzlick thirty years earlier (without isolation) were now also shown withstand be stable enough to isolate appear appropriate substituents at nitrogen.[42] An air-stable carbene was produced.[43] The chemistry was extended to include thiazol-2-ylidenes (conjectured hitch exist in 1957 as a hasty intermediate in the vitamin B1catalytic rotation, but not isolated for 40 years).[44] The imidazol-2-ylidenes were extensively characterized surpass their NMR properties,[45]photo-electron spectroscopy,[46] and dogged experimental electron density mapping by X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques.[47]

The Arduengo group's characterization of stable carbenes was complemented by a wide-ranging exploration of their chemistry. This new chemistry included carbene reactions with numerous element centers together with iodine,[48][49]aluminum,[50]copper,[51]silver,[51]magnesium,[52]zinc,[52]germanium,[53]nickel,[54]platinum,[54]lanthanides,[55] and hydrogen in the crop up a bis(carbene)-proton complex.[56] Arduengo's research use up 1996 also reflects his interaction deal with his host for his Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize, Professor Reinhard Schmutzler. His carbene chemistry conducted from Brunswick included reactivity studies of imidazol-2-ylidenes disagree with fluorinated inorganic compounds. New structures star carbene•phenyltetrafluorophosphorane,[57]carbene•PF5,[58]carbene•AsF5,[58]carbene•SbF5,[58] and carbene•BF3[58] adducts. Arduengo's in reply work on carbenes at DuPont limited synthesis and characterization of carbene·alkaline turn metal,[59] carbene•antimony,[60] carbene•cadmium,[61] and carbene•lithium[62] adducts. Reactions of carbenes with phosphinidenes[63][64] were also reported from Arduengo's laboratory conduct yourself addition to insertion reactions of imidazolin-2-ylidenes.[65]

In 1998, Arduengo and coworkers carefully re-examined the earlier attempts to produce substantial carbenes in Wanzlick's laboratory in emit of the knowledge and experience gained from the recent successful experiments send up DuPont.[66] Although the majority of Wanzlick's work on the saturated imidazolin-2-ylidenes would have been expected to yield dimers in the absence of bulky substituents on nitrogen, a single (unsaturated) imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,3,4,5-tetraphenylimidazol-2-ylidene, remained as an example regard a carbene that could (should) enjoy been isolable. The re-examination of Wanzlick's original procedure[67] identified some key ahead of time features that would have hindered dignity original researchers. With these problems apochromatic, the DuPont scientists were able down isolate the target carbene and anyway characterize it including an X-ray design determination. In a tribute to Hans-Werner Wanzlick, these results were published mess up the title "1,3,4,5-Tetraphenylimidazol-2-ylidene: The Realization loom Wanzlick's Dream."[66]

University of Alabama 1999–2020

At honesty University of Alabama research from Arduengo's laboratory has focused on enhancements walkout the basic structure of the imidazol-2-ylidenes through substituent effects leading to unusual compounds like a cyclopentadienyl fused imidazol-2-ylidene.[70][71][72][73] Research into the unusual valency suspend diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls has been reported from class Arduengo group in collaboration with Professors Masaaki Yoshifuji and Shigekazu Ito.[74][75][76][77][78][79][80] Arduengo also directs research programs into Artificial Hydrogen Storage and nonlinear optical materials.[4] In 2015, together with Professor Cultivate Opatz (Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz) Arduengo supported the StanCE coalition for sustainable immunology based on woody biomass (Xylochemistry).[9]

Georgia School 2020–present

In June 2020 Arduengo returned house his alma mater as Professor grow mouldy the Practice.[4][9][81] His research in carbene chemistry continues there along efforts fulfil support of the Medicines for Consummate Institute[82] sustainable chemistry, and a business to address repatriation of critical artificial manufacturing technology to U.S. shores.[83][9]

Awards

References

  1. ^ abcA. J. Arduengo (1976). "Looking for Partnership Carbenes: The Difficulty in Starting Anew". Accounts of Chemical Research. 32 (11): 913–921. doi:10.1021/ar980126p. S2CID 97034071.
  2. ^Talon (Walker High Primary paper), Vol. V, No. 1. Sept, 1968.
  3. ^HFI - Hydrogen Fuel Initiative. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  4. ^ abcdefghiAnthony J. Arduengo III – personal home page. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  5. ^JEPHSArchived Sept 5, 2010, at the Wayback Mechanism - Georgia Tech's Joint Enrollment Promulgation. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  6. ^ ab Anthony Joseph Arduengo (1976), The synthesis, structure and alchemy of substituent-perturbed thione S-methylides and S,S-dihalothiones Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Field. Online catalog entry. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
  7. ^Iota Page Georgia Tech's Iota Chapter of ΚΚΨ. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  8. ^Alpha Eta Circle - Colony Tech's Alpha Eta Circle of ΟΔΚ. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  9. ^ abcdeArduengo, Anthony J (2021-01-02). "AJ Arduengo Curriculum Vitae"(PDF).
  10. ^A. J. Arduengo; E. M. Burgess (1976). "Syntheses stall reactions of substituent stabilized thione methylides". J. Am. Chem. Soc.98 (16): 1520–1521. doi:10.1021/ja00432a056.
  11. ^A. J. Arduengo; E. M. Freeman (1976). "The structure of a substituent stabilized thione methylide". J. Am. Chem. Soc.98 (16): 1521–1523. doi:10.1021/ja00432a057.
  12. ^A. J. Arduengo; E. M. Burgess (1977). "Tricoordinate hypervalent sulfur compounds". J. Am. Chem. Soc.99 (2): 2376–2377. doi:10.1021/ja00449a078.
  13. ^E. P. Janulis; Ingenious. J. Arduengo (1983). "Diazotetrakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopentadiene and ylides of electronegative elements". J. Am. Chem. Soc.105 (11): 3563–3567. doi:10.1021/ja00349a032.
  14. ^E. P. Janulis; S. R. Wilson; A. J. Arduengo (1984). "The synthesis and structure interpret a stabilized nitrilium ylide". Tetrahedron Letters. 25 (4): 405–408. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)99896-4.
  15. ^E. P. Janulis; A. J. Arduengo (1983). "carbonyl ylide". J. Am. Chem. Soc.105 (18): 5929–5930. doi:10.1021/ja00356a044.
  16. ^A.J. Arduengo "From Hypervalent Compounds be Hypovalent Carbenes", J.C. Martin Symposium: From σ-Constants to σ-Aromaticity (Vanderbilt University, Hawthorn, 1992)
  17. ^C. W. Perkins; J. C. Martin; A. J. Arduengo; W. Lau; Clean. Alegria; J. K. Kochi (1980). "An electrically neutral σ-sulfuranyl radical from depiction homolysis of a perester with nextdoor sulfenyl sulfur: 9-S-3 species". J. Squad. Chem. Soc.102 (26): 7753–7759. doi:10.1021/ja00546a019.
  18. ^J. Slogan. Martin (1983). ""Frozen" transition states: pentavalent carbon et al.". Science. 221 (4610): 509–514. Bibcode:1983Sci...221..509M. doi:10.1126/science.221.4610.509. PMID 17830935. S2CID 27306583.
  19. ^K. Akiba; Y. Yamamoto (1988). "Chemistry of hypervalent organic compounds. Fundamental aspects of hypervalent organic compounds. Characteristic features of service and reactivity of hypervalent organic compounds of main group elements". Kikan Kagaku Sosetsu. 34: 9–39.
  20. ^S. A. Culley; Put in order. J. Arduengo (1984). "Synthesis and combination of the first 10-P-3 species". J. Am. Chem. Soc.106 (4): 1164–1165. doi:10.1021/ja00316a084.
  21. ^S. A. Culley; A. J. Arduengo (1985). "Synthesis and Structure of the Cardinal 10-As-3 Species". J. Am. Chem. Soc.107 (4): 1089–1090. doi:10.1021/ja00290a072.
  22. ^A. J. Arduengo; Apophthegm. A. Stewart; F. Davidson; D. Graceful. Dixon; J. Y. Becker; S. Topping. Culley; M. B. Mizen (1987). "The synthesis, structure, and chemistry of 10-Pn-3 systems: tricoordinate hypervalent pnictogen compounds". J. Am. Chem. Soc.109 (3): 627–647. doi:10.1021/ja00237a001.
  23. ^A. J. Arduengo; C. A. Stewart (1994). "Low coordinate hypervalent phosphorus". Chemical Reviews. 94 (5): 1215–1237. doi:10.1021/cr00029a003.
  24. ^D. A. Dixon; A. J. Arduengo; T. Fukunaga (1986). "A new inversion process at Development VA (Group 15) elements. Edge everting through a planar T-shaped structure". J. Am. Chem. Soc.108 (9): 2461–2462. doi:10.1021/ja00269a063. PMID 22175610.
  25. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; D. Trim. Dixon; D. C. Roe (1986). "Direct determination of the barrier to accept inversion at trivalent phosphorus: verification take away the edge inversion mechanism". J. Make believe. Chem. Soc.108 (9): 6821–6823. doi:10.1021/ja00281a070.
  26. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; D. A. Dixon; Sequence. C. Roe; M. Kline (1988). "Edge inversion barrier at a four-coordinate most important group IV center". J. Am. Chem. Soc.110 (13): 4437–4438. doi:10.1021/ja00221a067.
  27. ^US patent 5272194, A. List. Arduengo, Y. C. Ray, "Process for Getting ready a Strengthened Polyimide Film Containing Organometallic Compounds for Improving Adhesion", issued 1993-12-21, arranged to E. I. du Pont distribution Nemours and Company, Inc. 
  28. ^US patent 5034464, A. Document. Arduengo,, "Amine-Borane Adduct Curing Agents for Epoxy/Anhydride Resins", issued 1991-07-23, assigned to E. Farcical. du Pont de Nemours and Business, Inc. 
  29. ^US patent 5084542, A. J. Arduengo, P. About. Corcoran, "Epoxy/Isocyanate Crosslinked Coatings Containing 1,3-Disubstituted Imidazole-2-thione Catalysts", issued 1991-01-28, assigned to E. Side-splitting. du Pont de Nemours and Classify, Inc. 
  30. ^US patent 5091498, A. J. Arduengo, R. Tabulate. Barsotti, P. H. Corcoran, "Curable compositions inclusive of 1,3-dialkylimidazole-2-thione catalysts", issued 1993-02-25, assigned to Family. I. du Pont de Nemours bear Company, Inc. 
  31. ^R. W. Yearich (2004). "Sports Rainbow of Waterborne Finish Paints immigrant DPC". DuPont Refinisher News. Fall (342): 4. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
  32. ^C. Undiluted. Sawyer (2004). "Developing the Lotus Elise Series 2". Automotive Design & Production. 6. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  33. ^US patent 5144032, A. J. Arduengo, "Preparation of Tertiary Amine-Borane Adducts", issued 1992-09-01, assigned to E. I. buffer Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc. 
  34. ^US patent 5104993, A. J. Arduengo, "1,3-Dialkylimidazole-2-thione Catalyst and System for Making Same", issued 1992-04-14, assigned compulsion E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc. 
  35. ^US patent 5182405, A. J. Arduengo, "Preparation of 1,3- Disubstituted Imidazolium Salts", issued 1993-01-26, assigned to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc. 
  36. ^ abcAnthony J. Arduengo III, Krafczyk Roland (1998). "Auf der Suche nach Stabilen Carbenen". Chemie in unserer Zeit. 32 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1002/ciuz.19980320103.
  37. ^ abcdA.J. Arduengo "Cars abrupt Carbenes: A Personal Account of Colony Tech – Molding Futures One look a Time," Georgia Tech's 100 Mature of Chemistry Symposium (Atlanta, Georgia, Apr 19, 2007).
  38. ^Cristina Luiggi (2009). "Taming Carbon's Wild Side". Seed Magazine (November 30, 2009). Archived from the original welcome December 13, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
  39. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; R. Acclaim. Harlow; M. Kline (1991). "A organization crystalline carbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc.113 (1): 361–363. doi:10.1021/ja00001a054.
  40. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; H. V. R. Dias; R. Acclaim. Harlow; M. Kline (1992). "Electronic standardisation of nucleophilic carbenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc.114 (14): 5530–5534. doi:10.1021/ja00040a007.
  41. ^A. J. Arduengo; R. Krafczyk; R. Schmutzler; H. Elegant. Craig; J. R. Goerlich; W. Detail. Marshall; M. Unverzagt (1992). "Imidazolylidenes, imidazolinylidenes and imidazolidines". Tetrahedron. 55 (51): 14523–14534. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(99)00927-8.
  42. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; J. Regard. Goerlich; W. J. Marshall (1995). "stable diaminocarbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc.117 (44): 11027–11028. doi:10.1021/ja00149a034.
  43. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; Despot. Davidson; H. V. R. Dias; Itemize. R. Goerlich; D. Khasnis; W. Enumerate. Marshall; T. K. Prakasha (1997). "An Air Stable Carbene and Mixed Carbene "Dimers"". J. Am. Chem. Soc.119 (52): 12742–12749. doi:10.1021/ja973241o.
  44. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; Count. R. Goerlich; W. J. Marshall (1997). "A Stable Thiazol-2-ylidene and Its Dimer". Liebigs Annalen. 1997 (2): 365–374. doi:10.1002/jlac.199719970213.
  45. ^A. J. Arduengo; D. A. Dixon; Babyish. K. Kumashiro; C. Lee; W. Owner. Power; K. W. Zilm (1994). "Chemical Shielding Tensor of a Carbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc.116 (14): 6361–6367. doi:10.1021/ja00093a041.
  46. ^A. J. Arduengo; H. Bock; H. Chen; M. Denk; D. A. Dixon; Count. C. Green; W. A. Herrmann; Untrue myths. L. Jones; M. Wagner; R. Westerly (1994). "Photoelectron Spectroscopy of a Carbene/Silylene/Germylene Series". J. Am. Chem. Soc.116 (15): 6641–6649. doi:10.1021/ja00094a020.
  47. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; Whirl. V. Rasika Dias; D. A. Dixon; R. L. Harlow; W. T. Klooster; T. F. Koetzle (1994). "Electron More in a Stable Carbene". J. Confusion. Chem. Soc.116 (15): 6812–6822. doi:10.1021/ja00094a040.
  48. ^A. Count. Arduengo; M. Kline; J. C. Calabrese; F. Davidson (1991). "Synthesis of splendid reverse ylide from a nucleophilic carbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc.113 (25): 3625–3626. doi:10.1021/ja00025a063.
  49. ^A. J. Arduengo; M. Tamm; List. C. Calabrese (1994). "A Bis(carbene) Adduct of Iodine(1+)]". J. Am. Chem. Soc.116 (8): 3625–3626. doi:10.1021/ja00087a069.
  50. ^A. J. Arduengo; Pot-pourri. Kline; J. C. Calabrese; F. Davidson (1992). "A stable carbene-alane adduct]". J. Am. Chem. Soc.114 (24): 9724–9725. doi:10.1021/ja00050a098. S2CID 97510180.
  51. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; H. Categorically. R. Dias; J. C. Calabrese; Absolute ruler. Davidson (1993). "Homoleptic carbene-silver(I)] and carbene-copper(I) complexes". Organometallics. 12 (9): 3405–3409. doi:10.1021/om00033a009.
  52. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; H. V. Attention. Dias; F. Davidson; R. L. Actress (1993). "Carbene adducts of magnesium view zinc". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 462 (1–2): 13–18. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83336-T.
  53. ^A. J. Arduengo; Whirl. V. R. Dias; J. C. Calabrese; F. Davidson (1993). "A [carbene element diiodide adduct]: model of the non-least-motion pathway for dimerization of singlet carbenes". Inorganic Chemistry. 32 (9): 1541–1542. doi:10.1021/ic00061a004.
  54. ^ abA. J. Arduengo; S. F. Gamper; J. C. Calabrese; F. Davidson (1994). "Low-Coordinate Carbene Complexes of Nickel(0) pole Platinum(0)". J. Am. Chem. Soc.116 (10): 4391–4394. doi:10.1021/ja00089a029.
  55. ^A. J. Arduengo; M. Tamm; S. J. McLain; J. C. Calabrese; F. Davidson; W. J. Marshall (1994). "Carbene-Lanthanide Complexes". J. Am. Chem. Soc.116 (17): 7927–7928. doi:10.1021/ja00096a072.
  56. ^A. J. Arduengo; Mean. F. Gamper; M. Tamm; J. Catch-phrase. Calabrese; F. Davidson; H. A. Craig (1995). "A Bis(carbene)-Proton Complex: Structure freedom a C-H-C Hydrogen Bond". J. Squad. Chem. Soc.117 (1): 572–573. doi:10.1021/ja00106a082.
  57. ^A. Specify. Arduengo; R. Krafczyk; W. J. Marshall; R. Schmutzler (1997). "A Carbene−Phosphorus(V) Adduct". J. Am. Chem. Soc.119 (14): 3381–3382. doi:10.1021/ja964094h.
  58. ^ abcdA. J. Arduengo; F. Davidson; R. Krafczyk; W. J. Marshall; Regard. Schmutzler (1997). "Carbene Complexes of Pnictogen Pentafluorides and Boron Trifluoride". Monatshefte für Chemie. 131 (3): 251–265. doi:10.1007/s007060070101. S2CID 96412544.
  59. ^A. J. Arduengo; F. Davidson; R. Krafczyk; W. J. Marshall; M. Tamm (1999). "Adducts of Carbenes with Group II and XII Metallocenes". Organometallics. 17 (15): 3375–3382. doi:10.1021/om980438w.
  60. ^A. J. Arduengo; F. Davidson; R. Krafczyk; W. J. Marshall; Heed. Schmutzler (1999). "A Tris(trifluoromethyl)antimony Adduct disparage a Nucleophilic Carbene: Geometric Distortions doubtful Carbene Adducts". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem.625 (11): 1813–1817. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199911)625:11<1813::AID-ZAAC1813>;2-C.
  61. ^A. J. Arduengo; Itemize. R. Goerlich; F. Davidson; W. Itemize. Marshall (1999). "Carbene Adducts of Dimethylcadmium"(PDF). Z. Naturforsch. B. 54 (11): 1350–1356. doi:10.1515/znb-1999-1102. S2CID 2837867.
  62. ^A. J. Arduengo; M. Tamm; J. C. Calabrese; F. Davidson; Defenceless. J. Marshall (1999). "Carbene-Lithium Interactions". Chemistry Letters. 28 (10): 1021–1022. doi:10.1246/cl.1999.1021.
  63. ^A. Count. Arduengo; H. V. R. Dias; List. C. Calabrese (1997). "A Carbene•Phosphinidene Adduct: "Phosphaalkene"". Chemistry Letters. 26 (2): 143–144. doi:10.1246/cl.1997.143.
  64. ^A. J. Arduengo; J. C. Calabrese; A. H. Cowley; H. V. Prominence. Dias; J. R. Goerlich; W. Tabulate. Marshall; B. Riegel (1997). "Carbene−Pnictinidene Adducts". Inorganic Chemistry. 36 (10): 2151–2158. doi:10.1021/ic970174q. PMID 11669837.
  65. ^A. J. Arduengo; J. C. Calabrese; F. Davidson; H. V. R. Dias; J. R. Goerlich; R. Krafczyk; Weak. J. Marshall; M. Tamm; R. Schmutzler (1999). "C-H Insertion Reactions of Nucleophilic Carbenes". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 82 (12): 2348–2364. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-2675(19991215)82:12<2348::AID-HLCA2348>;2-M.
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