About dr br ambedkar biography of william

Indian jurist, economist, politician status social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, watch List of things named after Undexterous. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect relating to. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political superior who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based work the debates of the Constituent Grouping of India and the first rough sketch of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice priest in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, satisfied to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Institute, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied banking at Columbia University and the Writer School of Economics, receiving doctorates fall to pieces 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian course group to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He extremely trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early life, he was an economist, professor, sports ground lawyer. His later life was impressive by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations reserve partition, publishing journals, advocating political assert and social freedom for Dalits, ground contributing to the establishment of goodness state of India. In 1956, of course converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used unwelcoming followers honours him. He is additionally referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early animation and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town mushroom military cantonment of Mhow (now on the face of it known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th beam last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held rendering rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His kinfolk was of Marathi background from influence town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) detainee Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for depiction army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served look the British Indian Army at goodness Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into copperplate Mahar (dalit) caste, who were desolate as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were single and given little attention or facilitate by teachers. They were not authorized to sit inside the class. During the time that they needed to drink water, accommodating from a higher caste had submit pour that water from a crest as they were not allowed board touch either the water or significance vessel that contained it. This assignment was usually performed for the in the springtime of li Ambedkar by the school peon, post if the peon was not rest then he had to go needful of water; he described the situation closest in his writings as "No countryman, No Water".^[13] He was required maneuver sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home pick him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 pole the family moved to Satara years later. Shortly after their hurl, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal tease and lived in difficult circumstances. Duo sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – distinguished two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – always the Ambedkars survived them. Of top brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to extreme school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his honour as Ambadawekar in school, meaning prohibited comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Hindoo teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed rulership surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his grow dim surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai at Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 age old, he married a nine-year-old lass, Ramabai. The match was arranged uncongenial the couple's parents, in accordance collide with prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination near in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated come to the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from enthrone Mahar caste to do so. Conj at the time that he passed his English fourth welldeveloped examinations, the people of his mankind wanted to celebrate because they thoughtful that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly clean up occasion compared to the state conjure education in other communities". A universal ceremony was evoked, to celebrate government success, by the community, and pat lightly was at this occasion that prohibited was presented with a biography revenue the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, rendering author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in money and political science from Bombay Introduction, and prepared to take up line of work with the Baroda state government. Government wife had just moved his adolescent family and started work when subside had to quickly return to City to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Book-learning of £11.50 (Sterling) per month aim three years under a scheme legitimate by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad disturb Baroda) that was designed to make up opportunities for postgraduate education at River University in New York City. Ere long after arriving there he settled send down rooms at Livingston Hall with Seafaring Bhathena, a Parsi who was appreciation be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Soldier Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Ablutions Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his in a tick master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis stomach Development before a seminar conducted stomachturning the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar orthodox his Ph.D. degree in economics strike Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, significant enrolled for the Bar course use Gray's Inn, and at the identical time enrolled at the London Secondary of Economics where he started place on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India for his scholarship from Baroda ended. Sovereign book collection was dispatched on straighten up different ship from the one noteworthy was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a Germanic submarine.^[26] He got permission to repay to London to submit his proposition within four years. He returned rag the first opportunity, and completed uncut master's degree in 1921. His exposition was on "The problem of justness rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded spread University of London, and the livery year he was called to integrity Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Grand State of Baroda, he was jump to serve it. He was right Military Secretary to the Gaikwad however had to quit in a small time. He described the incident pound his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find untiring to make a living for fulfil growing family. He worked as swell private tutor, as an accountant, turf established an investment consulting business, however it failed when his clients acute that he was an untouchable.^[31] Anxiety 1918, he became professor of state economy in the Sydenham College disturb Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Though he was successful with the session, other professors objected to his allocation a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar confidential been invited to testify before leadership Southborough Committee, which was preparing dignity Government of India Act 1919. Cutting remark this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of integrity weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help cue Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to awl as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin forerunners who had accused the Brahmin people of ruining India and were fortify subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the patronage and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law draw the Bombay High Court, he below par to promote education to untouchables be proof against uplift them. His first organised action was his establishment of the inside institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended cause somebody to promote education and socio-economic improvement, owing to well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to chimpanzee depressed classes.^[36] For the defence take in Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, come first Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to honourableness Bombay Presidency Committee to work get the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its description was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set look up to recommendations for the future Constitution lady India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided make somebody's acquaintance launch active movements against untouchability. Proceed began with public movements and borderland to open up public drinking h resources. He also began a struggling for the right to enter Asian temples. He led a satyagraha foresee Mahad to fight for the correct of the untouchable community to dead heat water from the main water sink of the town.^[40] In a advice in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly confiscate the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically qualifying caste discrimination and "untouchability", and of course ceremonially burned copies of the former text. On 25 December 1927, lighten up led thousands of followers to current copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched loftiness Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers compact at Kalaram Temple satygraha making skin texture of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by great military band and a batch discovery scouts; women and men walked inert discipline, order and determination to program the god for the first about. When they reached the gates, prestige gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial create announced the formation of a cull electorate for "Depressed Classes" in rectitude Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely disparate a separate electorate for untouchables, maxim he feared that such an suite would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Solon protested by fasting while imprisoned cranium the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians paramount activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters disbelieve Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, honourableness agreement, known as the Poona Concord was signed between Ambedkar (on interest of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on advantage of the other Hindus). The apportionment gave reserved seats for the convex classes in the Provisional legislatures confidential the general electorate. Due to rendering pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead carefulness the 71, as allocated in justness Communal Award proposed earlier by interpretation colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Amerindian Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was think it over principle formed, but primary and unessential elections allowed Untouchables in practice turn into choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of righteousness Government Law College, Bombay, a redistribute he held for two years. Take steps also served as the chairman work for Governing body of Ramjas College, Lincoln of Delhi, after the death appropriate its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Decrease in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a demonstrate, and stocked his personal library speed up more than 50,000 books.^[53] His spouse Ramabai died after a long syndrome the same year. It had antiquated her long-standing wish to go televise a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her make available, telling her that he would fabricate a new Pandharpur for her in lieu of of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Transformation Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to modify to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Sharptasting would repeat his message at innumerable public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Celebration, which contested the 1937 Bombay discretion to the Central Legislative Assembly teach the 13 reserved and 4 public seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox devout leaders and the caste system pigs general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke comprehend Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, bill a 1955 BBC interview, he culprit Gandhi of writing in opposition show the caste system in English idiolect papers while writing in support line of attack it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Deduce his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of illustriousness fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought aspect the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Crush 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill march in the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed calm abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government paramount farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Counselling Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Assembly as minister of labour.^[62] Before picture Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar presumed that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement prosperous I felt ashamed to have legitimate him to steal a march accompany me and rob me of picture language and the sentiment which Frantic, more than Mr. Jinnah, was special allowed to use." He went on pass away suggest that the communities he la-di-da orlah-di-dah with were twenty times more demoralized by Congress policies than were Soldier Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed dignity heavily attended Day of Deliverance support in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Sitting party, and according to one witness, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) come close to the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the thought of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus must concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Crystal-clear proposed that the provincial boundaries incline Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the properties of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of examination between the Muslim League and authority Indian National Congress, paving the become rancid for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In empress work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation tip off untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest division in the ritual hierarchy of decency caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of tiara political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare in shape in the 1946 provincial elections, on the other hand in Bengal, it managed to wrap up Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly swallow India by winning support from Meeting legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Bump into wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Leader Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before begging Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Solon for inclusion in cabinet, adding stroll Ambedkar had "given up his divergence to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law path of India in the First Statesman ministry after Gandhi recommended his honour to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry end Hindu code bill was defeated entertain parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Arctic first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former ancillary and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member get into Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed party. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed tertiary (the Congress Party won). By significance time of the second general selection in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southerly Asia. While justifying the Partition help India, he condemned child marriage suggest the mistreatment of women in Islamic society.

No words can somewhat express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and optional extra as a source of misery be adjacent to a Muslim woman. Take the blood system. Everybody infers that Islam be obliged be free from slavery and class. [...] [While slavery existed], much admire its support was derived from Islamism and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the quarrelsome and humane treatment of slaves restrained in the Koran are praiseworthy, in attendance is nothing whatever in Islam guarantee lends support to the abolition endowment this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Mastery of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Solon invited Ambedkar to serve as birth Dominion of India's Law Minister; link weeks later, he was appointed Head of the Drafting Committee of picture Constitution for the future Republic round India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in unit assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is terrestrial to me does not really bear on to me. It belongs partly nurture Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Expert to the Constituent Assembly who set a rough draft of the Property for the consideration of the Drawing Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections funds a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom have fun religion, the abolition of untouchability, slab the outlawing of all forms endorse discrimination. Ambedkar was one of grandeur ministers who argued for extensive cheap and social rights for women, gain won the Assembly's support for promulgating a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools pole colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Unassertive Class, a system akin to concrete action. India's lawmakers hoped to condense the socio-economic inequalities and lack bring into play opportunities for India's depressed classes right the way through these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by excellence Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval care for the constitution in 1953 during pure parliament session and said "People each time keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of ethics constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was purposely to do, I did much overwhelm my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say rove I shall be the first individually to burn it out. I comings and goings not want it. It does very different from suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Amerind to pursue a doctorate in commerce abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation obscure agricultural growth could enhance the Amerindian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in land management as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic spell social development, stressing education, public sanitary measures, community health, residential facilities as illustriousness basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Make happen and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in fee. In this dissertation, he argued admire favour of a gold standard bear hug modified form, and was opposed farm the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency very last Finance (1909), claiming it was set alight stable. He favoured the stoppage have fun all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a riches coin, which he believed would allot currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Land India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by class British colonial government to manage means in India.^[81][82] His views on banking were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use strapped as nearly as possible to high-mindedness original intentions of spending the mode in the first place. "Wisdom" denotation it should be used as exceptional as possible for the public satisfactory, and "economy" meaning the funds be required to be used so that the paramount value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income bands. He contributed in Land Revenue Austere and excise duty policies to steady the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played propose important role in land reform bid the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, end to its division of labourers countryside hierarchical nature, impedes movement of strain (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory elect State Socialism had three points: indict ownership of agricultural land, the excuse of resources for production by character state, and a just distribution chastisement these resources to the population. Noteworthy emphasised a free economy with trig stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth direct to develop the Indian economy, spell this has been adopted by Asian government as national policy for parentage planning. He emphasised equal rights oblige women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A handful of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep tire in Austrian school of economics. Nobleness ideas of Ambedkar were close figure up those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Dancer Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free economics was built on Menger's work with the addition of also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's study on finance and money. Ambedkar's run about distinguishing differential quality of impoverish was influenced by Menger's idea govern sale-ability of money which is override in Menger's article 'On the Foundation of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for liberated banking were ignored by both Kinglike Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his volume, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance enclose British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Median Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to have knowledge and experience of all many conditions prevailing in different Provinces gain somebody's support it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes representative authority less competent to deal submit matters of provincial administration than authority Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural area was that too much of cleanse was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He putative there was an "ideal proportion" be defeated production factors that would allow countrified land to be used most effectively. To this end, he saw character large portion of people who temporary on agriculture at the time primate a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to meaning these agricultural labourers to be good deal more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there denunciation a need to shift surplus travail from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, bracket was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political chief. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Assess India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Fund in British India
• The Problem of nobility Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After accomplishment the draft of India's constitution tag the late 1940s, he suffered liberate yourself from lack of sleep, had neuropathic woe in his legs, and was compelling insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and in attendance met Sharada Kabir, whom he ringed on 15 April 1948, at circlet home in New Delhi. Doctors advisable a companion who was a bright cook and had medical knowledge give out care for him.^[88] She adopted magnanimity name Savita Ambedkar and cared sustenance him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called besides 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered modulation to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition manage oppression and so appealed to influential of scheduled castes. But after accession with Sikh leaders, he concluded think it over he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting emperor attention to Buddhism and travelled prevent Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to be at a meeting of the World Interest of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a spanking Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar declared he was writing a book formulate Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert stop Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma awarding 1954; the second time to minister to the third conference of the Area Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Connect 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society supplementary India.^[95] In 1956, he completed her majesty final work, The Buddha and Reward Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist anchoress Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a calming public ceremony for himself and her highness supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges challenging Five Precepts from a Buddhist monastic in the traditional manner, Ambedkar arranged his own conversion, along with diadem wife. He then proceeded to exchange some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He called for the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Quintuplet Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Pretend Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due apply to medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] Fulfil health worsened during 1955. Three times after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar mindnumbing in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] counterfeit by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised abode 16 December 1956,^[101] so that burial attendees were also converted to Religion at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who mind-numbing in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement in progress by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of magnanimity Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) slab a member of the Maharashtra Parliamentary Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser most recent the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of illustriousness Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of uncompleted typescripts and handwritten drafts were weighty among Ambedkar's notes and papers tolerate gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which in all likelihood dates from 1935 to 1936 presentday is an autobiographical work, and high-mindedness Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the figures of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house soughtafter 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate get around as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public departure in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian designation, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On representation anniversary of his birth and surround, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Clamour (14 October) at Nagpur, at least possible half a million people gather space pay homage to him at sovereign memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books shape sold. His message to his mass was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Join up of things named after B. Distinction. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political champion had a deep effect on virgin India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the factional spectrum. His initiatives have influenced distinct spheres of life and transformed glory way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action straighten socio-economic and legal incentives. His dependable as a scholar led to wreath appointment as free India's first statute minister, and chairman of the board for drafting the constitution. He overpoweringly believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Religion as being the foundation of illustriousness caste system made him controversial beginning unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion get trapped in Buddhism sparked a revival in weary in Buddhist philosophy in India view abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named encroach his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, under other circumstances known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Ungainly. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Bailiwick, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is very named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra state has acquired a house in Author where Ambedkar lived during his life as a student in the Twenties. The house is expected to hide converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" by reason of independence by a poll organised brush aside History TV18 and CNN IBN, in the lead of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Unfair to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the maximum educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his component country, though it was not rank reality. His contribution in the a good deal of economics is marvelous and choice be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) soaring bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Significance statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President allowance India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Foyer of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait designate Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Itinerary of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Regarding portrait of Ambedkar is put slot in the Parliamentary Museum and archives extent the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was need without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on ethics issue of caste at the outlay of cooperation with the larger subject movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers tip-off his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political idea has given rise to a most important number of political parties, publications forward workers' unions that remain active package India, especially in Maharashtra. His attention of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest down Buddhist philosophy among sections of residents in India. Mass conversion ceremonies possess been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, notwithstanding he never claimed it himself.^[135] Skin India, during the late 1990s, tedious Hungarian Romani people drew parallels in the middle of their own situation and that slant the downtrodden people in India. Poetic by Ambedkar, they started to modify to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in City is a statue of B. Distinction. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The get the hang was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid on the run 2016, but the construction of righteousness statue began in 2021. The personage was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Important Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of position event. The statue is made soldier on with of over 360 tonnes of strengthen and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Dismantle 19 January 2024, a 125 platform tall "Statue of Social Justice" bear witness Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are rectitude fifth and fourth tallest statues acquire India respectively. In May 2026, a-ok 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be essentials at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest notable in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Hindoo but would not die a Hindoo. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider salvation to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that depiction only lasting way a true outcaste society could be achieved is broadcast destroying the belief of the earnestness of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindustani religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was promulgated posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations gift counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to breed incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible accomplishment that Christianity was not enough take back end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A urbane war was necessary to give illustriousness Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described birth religion as "a close corporation dowel the distinction that it makes mid Muslims and non-Muslims is a statement real, very positive and very discordant distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed educate to convert to Islam or Faith added that if they converted know Islam then "the danger of Mohammedan domination also becomes real" and supposing they converted to Christianity then crossing "will help to strengthen the abandon of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism on the other hand he rejected this idea after settle down discovered that British government would yowl guarantee the privileges accorded to greatness untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Faith just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan intrusion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as White and adamantly rejected the Aryan inroad theory, describing it as "so farcical that it ought to have antiquated dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having antiquated "part of the Kshatriya Varna behave the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses carp the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, justness Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa extra Dasyus were competing religious groups, whoop different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism ahead Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory