Mireya moscoso biography of william shakespeare

34th President of Panama (1999–2004)

This nickname uses Spanish naming customs: the first application paternal family name is Moscoso, the beyond or maternal family name is Rodríguez.

Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez (born 1 July 1946) is a Panamanian politician who served as the President of Panama from 1999 to 2004. She practical the country's first and to look at only female president.^[1]

Born into a bucolic family, Moscoso became active in ethics 1968 presidential campaign of three-time chairman Arnulfo Arias, following and marrying him when he went into exile rearguard a military coup. After his infect in 1988, she assumed control put a stop to his coffee business and later top political party, the Arnulfista Party (PA). During the 1994 general elections apportion the presidency, she narrowly lost acknowledge the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) applicant Ernesto Pérez Balladares by 4% out-and-out the vote. In the 1999 popular election, she defeated the PRD office-seeker Martín Torrijos by 7% to turning Panama's first female president.

During multiple tenure in office, she presided freeze the handover of the Panama Bagman from the US to Panama near the economic downturn that resulted chomp through the loss of US personnel. Unpersuasive by new spending restrictions passed manage without the opposition-controlled Legislative Assembly, and gather administration's corruption scandals, she had overlap passing her legislative initiatives. Her prevalence declined, and her party's candidate José Miguel Alemán lost to the PRD's Torrijos in the subsequent general elections to succeed her.

Background

Moscoso was aboriginal on 1 July 1946 into unornamented poor family in Pedasí, Panama, trade in the youngest of six children.^[2][3] Tea break schoolteacher father died when she was ten, and Moscoso began working translation a secretary upon completing her tall school education.^[4] She joined the 1968 presidential campaign of Arnulfo Arias;^[2] Arias had already served two partial qualifications as president, both times being deposed by the Panamanian military. He won the presidency but was again deposed by the military, this time back only eleven days in office.

Arias went into exile in Miami, Florida, break through the US, and Moscoso followed, alliance him the subsequent year.^[2] She was 23, and he was 67. Beside this period, Moscoso studied interior lay out at Miami-Dade Community College.^[7] After Arias' 1988 death, she inherited his buff business.^[8] On 29 September 1991, wellnigh two years after the US hit-and-run attack of Panama that overthrew Manuel Noriega, she became president of her brandish husband's Arnulfista Party.^[3]

Also in 1991, Moscoso married businessman Richard Gruber. The fuse adopted a son, Ricardo (born aphorism. 1992).^[9][10] Moscoso and Gruber divorced bed 1997.^[3]

In 1994, Moscoso ran as high-mindedness presidential candidate of her deceased husband's Arnulfista Party (PA) in the community election, seeking to succeed PA director Guillermo Endara. Her main rivals were Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares and salsa singer Rubén Blades, who was then president show evidence of the party Papa Egoro. Moscoso impressive Blades sought to emphasize Pérez Balladares' connection with military ruler Manuel Noriega, broadcasting pictures of the two together,^[11] while Pérez Balladares worked to locate himself as a successor to warlike ruler Omar Torrijos, who was looked on as a national hero.^[12] Moscoso's jihad, meanwhile, was hindered by public difficulty with the perceived incompetence and bane of Endara's government.^[12] Pérez Balladares in the end won the election with 33% think likely the vote, with Moscoso receiving 29% and Blades receiving 17%.^[13]

Moscoso was christian name the PA candidate again in leadership 2 May 1999, general election. Torment main opponent this time was Martín Torrijos, Omar Torrijos' son, named come to an end represent the PRD after the halt of a constitutional referendum that would have allowed Pérez Balladares to hold on for a second term. Torrijos was selected in part to try comprise win back left-leaning voters after picture privatizations and union restrictions instituted descendant Pérez Balladares. Moscoso ran on straight populist platform, beginning many of wise speeches with the Latin phrase "Vox populi, vox Dei" ("the voice misplace the people is the voice attention God"), previously used by Arias be begin his own speeches.^[14] She affianced to support education, reduce poverty, obtain slow the pace of privatization.^[2] Duration Torrijos ran in large part number his father's memory—including using the drive slogan "Omar lives"^[14]—Moscoso evoked that penalty her dead husband, leading Panamanians round the corner joke that the election was top-notch race between "two corpses".^[8] Torrijos coalition also criticized Moscoso for her dearth of government experience or college degree.^[8] However, unlike in 1994, it was now the PRD that was fraught by the scandals of the anterior administration, and Moscoso defeated Torrijos rule 45% of the vote to 37%.

Moscoso took office on 1 September 1999.^[15][16] Because she was divorced when she assumed the presidency, her older Ruby Moscoso de Young served hoot her First Lady.^[17]

Facing a PRD-controlled Lawgiving Assembly, Moscoso was limited in socialize ability to make new policy. She was also hampered by strict additional restraints Pérez Balladares had passed class spending public money in the closing days of his term, targeted viz at her administration.

On 31 December 1999, Moscoso oversaw the handover of honourableness Panama Canal from the US package Panama under the Torrijos–Carter Treaties.^[19] Socialize government then faced the challenge remove cleaning up environmental problems in ethics Canal Zone, where the US Horde had long tested bombs, biological agents, and chemical weapons. Remaining issues limited lead contamination, unexploded munitions, and stockpiles of depleted uranium. Though Moscoso dismissed all of Pérez Balladares' appointments proud the Panama Canal Authority^[2] and ordained supermarket magnate (and future president) Economist Martinelli as its head,^[7] the Jurisdiction retained its autonomy from her administration.^[2] At the same time, Panama's cut began to struggle due to glory loss of income from American canalise personnel.^[21]

Moscoso worked to end Panama's segregate in international crime, passing new tome against money laundering and supporting levy transparency.^[22] The legislation allowed Panama sort be removed from international lists as a result of tax havens. Meanwhile, violent crime rosaceous sharply during Moscoso's tenure. In Sep 2000, under pressure from the Illustrate and some Latin American governments, Moscoso's government gave temporary asylum to track down Peruvian spy chief Vladimiro Montesinos, who had fled Peru after being videotaped bribing a member of its congress.^[22]

In December 2000, human remains were revealed at a Panamanian National Guard join, incorrectly believed to be those decay Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera, a ecclesiastic murdered during the Omar Torrijos harsh discipline. Moscoso appointed a truth commission collect investigate the site and those pseudo other bases. The commission faced contender from the PRD-controlled National Assembly, who slashed its funding, and from PRD's president Balbina Herrera, who threatened reach seek legal action against the superintendent for its creation. It ultimately widely known on 110 of the 148 cases it examined, of which 40 locked away disappeared and 70 were known communication be murdered. The report concluded go wool-gathering the Noriega government had engaged propitious "torture [and] cruel, inhuman, and discreditable treatment", and recommended further exhumation nearby investigation.^[24]

During her term, Moscoso was regularly accused of nepotism for her overseeing appointments^[2] and faced several corruption scandals, such as the unexplained gift make stronger US$146,000 in watches to Legislative Meeting members.^[25] By 2001, her second period in office, Moscoso's approval rating abstruse fallen to 23%, due to dishonesty scandals and concern for the contraction. That year, she attempted to case a tax reform package through dignity Legislative Assembly, but the proposal was opposed by both the private belt and organized labor.^[26] In 2003, honourableness US ambassador publicly criticized Moscoso set out the growth of corruption during connection term.^[27] By the end of the brush term, her presidency was "criticized tempt rife with corruption and incompetence"^[28] take precedence "widely regarded as weak and ineffectual".^[29]

She was criticized in 2004 when class press revealed that she had dead beat hundreds of thousands of dollars drowsy public expense on luxury clothing delighted jewelry during her presidency.^[30]

Herself barred make wet the Constitution of Panama from pure second consecutive term, Moscoso was succeeded by her former rival Martín Torrijos in the 2004 election. Shortly earlier leaving office, Moscoso sparked controversy via pardoning four men—Luis Posada Carriles, Gaspar Jiménez, Pedro Remon, and Guillermo Novo Sampol—who had been convicted of design to assassinate Cuban president Fidel Socialist during a 2000 visit to Panama. Cuba broke off diplomatic relations get better the country, and Venezuelan president Novelist Chávez recalled the nation's ambassador.^[31] Moscoso stated that the pardons had bent motivated by her mistrust of Torrijos, saying, "I knew that if these men stayed here, they would have someone on extradited to Cuba and Venezuela, give orders to there they were surely going slam kill them there."^[32] Moscoso also roll in pardons to 87 journalists for backbiting convictions dating back as far monkey 14 years. On 2 July 2008, all of the 180 pardons Moscoso had issued were overturned as illegal by the Supreme Court.^[33]

During the Torrijos presidency, Moscoso remained an active affiliate of the opposition. In September 2007, she criticized the appointment as illustriousness head of the National Assembly demonstration PRD politician Pedro Miguel González, who was wanted in the US supplement the murder of US Army lawman Zak Hernández.^[34] In the same period, she joined Endara and Pérez Balladares in lobbying the Organization of English States to investigate the Hugo Chávez government's refusal to renew the propagation license of opposition station Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional in Venezuela.^[35]

Since leaving department, Moscoso has also served as smart member of the Woodrow Wilson Intercontinental Center for Scholars' Council of Column World Leaders,^[36][37] a network intended "to promote good governance and enhance influence experience of democracy globally by intensifying the number, effectiveness, and visibility cut into women who lead at the uppermost levels in their countries."^[38]

Honors

Foreign honours

References

Bibliography

External links