Biography of moqtada al sadr iran

Muqtada al-Sadr

Iraqi Shia scholar, politician and reserves leader (born 1974)

Muqtada al-Sadr (Arabic: مقتدى الصدر, romanized: Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr; born 4 Sage 1974)[3] is an Iraqi Shia Muslimcleric, politician and militia leader. He ingrained the leadership of the Sadrist Amplify from his father.[4] He founded blue blood the gentry now dissolved Mahdi Army militia instruct in 2003 that resisted the American position of Iraq. He also founded representation Promised Day Brigade militia after authority dissolution of the Mahdi Army; both were backed by Iran. In 2014, he founded the Peace Companies armed force and is its current head. Terminate 2018, he joined his Sadrist administrative party to the Saairun alliance, which won the highest number of chairs in the 2018 and 2021 Asian parliamentary elections.[5]

Titles

He belongs to the noticeable al-Sadr family that hails from Jabal Amel in Lebanon, before later reconcile in Najaf. Sadr is the bind of Muhammad al-Sadr, an Iraqi metaphysical figure and politician who stood disagree with Saddam Hussein, and the nephew dominate Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr. He is over and over again styled with the honorific title Sayyid.

His formal religious standing within significance Shi'i clerical hierarchy is comparatively mid-ranking. As a result of this, get going 2008 Sadr claimed for himself neither the title of mujtahid (the matching part of a senior religious scholar) faint the authority to issue any fatwas.[6] In early 2008, he was accepted to be studying to be blueprint ayatollah, something that would greatly instruct his religious standing.[7]

Family

Muqtada al-Sadr is loftiness fourth son of a famous Asian Shia cleric, the late Grand AyatollahMuhammad al-Sadr. He is also the son-in-law of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. Both were revered for their argument for the poor.[8][9]

Muqtada is a resident of Iraq; his great-grandfather is Ismail as-Sadr. Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, Muqtada al-Sadr's father, was a respected figure for the duration of the Shi'a Islamic world. He was murdered, along with two of rulership sons, allegedly by the government flaxen Saddam Hussein. Muqtada's father-in-law was ended by the Iraqi authorities in 1980. Muqtada is a cousin of dignity disappearedMusa al-Sadr, the Iranian-Lebanese founder be in opposition to the popular Amal Movement.[10]

In 1994, Sadr married one of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's daughters.[11] As of 2008, he challenging no children.[11]

Political positions

Muqtada al-Sadr gained common occurrence in Iraq following the toppling hold sway over the Saddam government by the 2003 US invasion of Iraq.[12] Sadr has on occasion stated that he choice to create an "Islamic democracy".

Sadr commands strong support (especially in honourableness Sadr City district in Baghdad, hitherto named Saddam City but renamed make something stand out the elder Sadr). After the extravaganza of the Saddam government in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr organized thousands of sovereign supporters into a political movement, which includes a military wing formerly speak your mind as the Jaysh al-Mahdi or Mahdi Army.[13] The name refers to righteousness Mahdi, a long-since disappeared Imam who is believed by Shi'as to snigger due to reappear when the extremity of time approaches. This group every so often engaged in violent conflict with ethics United States and other Coalition augmentation, while the larger Sadrist movement has formed its own religious courts unthinkable organized social services, law enforcement post prisons in areas under its control.[14] Western media often referred to Muqtada al-Sadr as an "anti-American" or "radical" cleric.[15]

His strongest support came from decency class of dispossessed Shi'a, like tight the Sadr City area of Bagdad. Many Iraqi supporters see in him a symbol of resistance to overseas occupation.[16] The Mahdi army was fashionable to have operated death squads nigh the Iraqi Civil War.[14]

In a account received by AFP on 15 Feb 2014, Sadr announced the closure cosy up all offices, centers and associations in partnership with Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr, his father, contents and outside Iraq, and announced king non-intervention in all political affairs, count that no bloc will represent excellence movement inside or outside the pronounce or parliament.[17] Several times he has called for all paramilitary groups accepted by the Iraqi state to break down dissolved after the complete defeat classic ISIL and that all foreign bolster (including Iran) then leave Iraqi habitat. He surprised many when he visited the crown princes of both Arab Arabia, for the first time do 11 years,[18] and the United Arabian Emirates (UAE) in 2017 and hitherto and was criticized in some Persian circles.[8] In April 2017, he extraordinary himself from other Iraqi Shiite selected in calling on Iranian-backed Syrian Mr big Bashar al-Assad to step down presentday save the country from more bloodshed.[9] Sadr's efforts to strengthen relations among Saudi Arabia and Iraq mirror those of former Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi.[18]

Muqtada is widely suspected of arrange numerous assassinations against high-ranking Shi'ite the pulpit, including a 2003 bombing of depiction house of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim,[19] and the 10 April 2003 murder of Grand Ayatollah Abdul-Majid al-Khoei at a mosque in Najaf.[20] Take in 13 October 2003, fighting broke modern in Karbala, when al-Sadr's men faked supporters of moderate Shi'ite Grand Preacher Ali al-Sistani near the Imam Husain shrine.

Opposition to US presence

2003

Shortly puzzle out the US-led coalition ousted Saddam Leader and his Ba'ath regime, al-Sadr expressed opposition to the Coalition Provisional Power. He subsequently stated that he difficult to understand more legitimacy than the Coalition-appointed Asian Governing Council. He granted his regulate major Western television interview to Shake Simon of 60 Minutes, in which al-Sadr famously said "Saddam was distinction little serpent, but America is description big serpent."[21]

In May 2003, al-Sadr fingers on a fatwa that became known whereas the al-Hawasim (meaning 'the finalists' – a term used to refer allocate the looters of post-invasion Iraq) fatwa.[22] The fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that the perpetrators pay the requisite khums to Sadrist imams,[23] saying that "looters could comprehend on to what they had presumed so long as they made precise donation (khums) of one-fifth of betrayal value to their local Sadrist office." The fatwa alienated many older human resources of his father's movement,[23] as spasm as mainstream Shiites,[24] and the Shia establishment and property-owning classes from significance Sadrists.[22] However, the fatwa strengthened ruler popularity among the poorest members representative society, notably in Sadr City.[25] Hold down has been claimed that the recent fatwa was actually issued by Sadr's advisor Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri, and that al-Sadr was simply loyally issuing the same instruction.[22]

Al-Sadr is involved in US news media of obtaining ordered the assassination of rival Shia leader Abdul-Majid al-Khoei in 2003, unembellished charge he denies and which remainder unproven.[26]

2004

Main article: Iraq spring fighting liberation 2004

In his 2004 sermons and be revealed interviews, al-Sadr repeatedly demanded an imperative withdrawal of all US-led coalition reinforcement, all foreign troops under United Generosity control, and the establishment of dinky new central Iraqi government, not unrelated to the Ba'ath party or nobility Allawi government.

In late March 2004, American authorities (759th MP Battalion) tabled Iraq shut down Sadr's newspaper al-Hawza on charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting the closedown of the newspaper. On 4 Apr, fighting broke out in Najaf, Sadr City, and Basra. Sadr's Mahdi Concourse took over several points and touched coalition soldiers, killing dozens of imported soldiers, and taking many casualties in shape their own in the process.[27] Adventure the same time, Sunni rebels comprise the cities of Baghdad, Samarra, Ramadi, and, most notably, Fallujah, staged uprisings as well, causing the most earnest challenge to American control of Irak up to that time.

During blue blood the gentry first siege of Fallujah in conventional March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys to the nagged Sunnis there.[28]

Paul Bremer, then the Sluggish administrator in Iraq, declared on 5 April 2004 that al-Sadr was phony outlaw and that uprisings by enthrone followers would not be tolerated.[29]

That submit, al-Sadr called for a jihad bite the bullet American forces. To do this forbidden needed to gain temporary control look up to Al Kut, An Najaf and greatness suburb of Baghdad named after her highness grandfather, Sadr City. On the fallacious of 8 April, his Mahdi Swarm dropped eight overspans and bridges haunt the Convoy Support Center Scania, for this reason severing northbound traffic into Baghdad.[citation needed] The next day his militia cornered any and every convoy trying journey get in or out of Bagdad International Airport, known to the troops body as BIAP. This led to nobleness worst convoy ambush of the battle, the ambush of the 724th Passengers Company (POL), which resulted in be relevant KBR drivers killed and three other ranks killed. One was Matt Maupin, who was initially listed as the chief American soldier missing in action. These series of attacks demonstrated an spurofthemoment level of sophistication in planning. Say publicly Mahdi Army knew it could categorize win a head on fight connect with the United States military coalition deliver it took full advantage of splendid major American vulnerability by attacking shepherd trucks that supplied the troops. BIAP was where the newly arrived Ordinal Cavalry Division drew its supplies. Rank 1st Cavalry Division was replacing birth 1st Armored Division in and turn round Baghdad. The 1st Armored Division esoteric already been deployed to Iraq fulfill a year. CENTCOM commander General Toilet Abizaid decided to extend the Partitioning beyond its 1-year deployment, for hoaxer additional 120 days, to use interleave the fight against the Mahdi Army.[30][31] On 11 April, the Mahdi Armed force launched an attack on the sou'-west wall at BIAP behind which indefinite hundred trucks parked. By the finish off of April, the American 1st Scaley Division had suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising[30][31] but al Sadr had done his goal of making it spiffy tidy up significant resistance force fighting against prestige U.S. led coalition forces occupying Iraq.[32]

2005–2006

It is generally frowned upon in Irak for clerics to actively participate unite secular politics, and like the blot leading religious figures, Muqtada al-Sadr sincere not run in the 2005 Asiatic elections. It is believed he implicitly backed the National Independent Cadres avoid Elites party that was closely allied with the Mahdi Army. Many short vacation his supporters, however, backed the great more popular United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) of Grand Ayatollah Sistani.

On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support of al-Sadr attend to his ideals.[33]

On 25 March 2006, Sadr was in his home and fugitive a mortar attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance landed a cut above than 50 meters from his dwelling.

Sadr's considerable leverage was apparent obvious in the week of 16 Oct 2006, when Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the release of one declining Sadr's senior aides. The aide challenging been arrested a day earlier unwelcoming American troops on suspicion of chip in in kidnappings and killings.[34]

2007

On 13 Feb, several sources in the US administration claimed that Muqtada al-Sadr had outstanding Iraq and fled to Iran bill anticipation of the coming security crackdown.[35] US military spokesman Maj. Gen. William B. Caldwell reinforced this account test 14 February,[36] but a member concede Iraq's parliament and an aide picture al-Sadr have denied the claims.[35][37]

On 30 March it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on his interest, "delivered a searing speech ... condemnatory the American presence in Iraq ... [and] call[ing] for an anti-occupation broad protest on April 9."[38] This challenge to protest was significant in go off at a tangent, since the beginning of the Indweller troop surge (which began on 14 February 2007), al-Sadr had ordered surmount "militia to lie low during position new Baghdad security plan so chimp not to provoke a direct showdown with the Americans".[38]

In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and blame succumb to in the Shiite holy city hold sway over Najaf a day before the manifestation, on Sunday, 8 April 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr urged the Iraqi army have a word with police to stop cooperating with illustriousness United States and told his partizan fighters to concentrate on pushing Earth forces out of the country. "You, the Iraqi army and police buttressing, don't walk alongside the occupiers, in that they are your arch-enemy," the expression said.

On 17 April 2007, a few ministers loyal to al-Sadr left authority Iraqi government. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that the withdrawal drug these ministers had not weakened dominion government and that he would nickname technocrats to replace them soon.[39]

On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the transcription of Azamiyah wall around a Sect neighbourhood in Baghdad, by calling go all-out for demonstrations against the plan as a- sign of "the evil will" break into American "occupiers"

On 25 May 2007, Sadr delivered a sermon to let down estimated 6,000 followers in Kufa. Sadr reiterated his condemnation of the Affiliated States' occupation of Iraq and prescribed the withdrawal of foreign forces, al-Sadr's speech also contained calls for oneness between Sunni and Shi'a.[40] In June 2007, al-Sadr vowed to go smart with a planned march to interpretation devastated Askariyya shrine in central Irak, al-Sadr said the march was highly thought of at bringing Shi'is and Sunnis propositions together and breaking down the barriers imposed by the Americans and Sect religious extremists.

In a statement chance upon 29 August 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr proclaimed that an order to stand enfold for six months had been secure to his loyalists following the deaths of more than 50 Shia Moslem pilgrims during fighting in Karbala rank day before. The statement issued hard Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi army to engrave all its activities for six months until it is restructured in copperplate way that helps honour the sample for which it is formed." Prestige intention behind the ceasefire was plainness in part to be to role al-Sadr reassert control over the current, which is thought to have intermittent. "We call on all Sadrists line of attack observe self-restraint, to help security personnel control the situation and arrest goodness perpetrators and sedition mongers, and take delivery of them to end all forms ingratiate yourself armament in the sacred city," put into words the statement, referring to the 28 August clashes in Karbala. Asked in case the unexpected order meant no attacks on American troops, as well chimp a ban on Shia infighting, capital senior Sadr aide said: "All kinds of armed actions are to verbal abuse frozen, without exception."[41]

2008–2011

Main article: Siege slap Sadr City

In March 2008, during nobleness Battle of Basra, the Sadr Motion launched a nationwide civil disobedience appeal across Iraq to protest raids sports ground detentions against the Mahdi Army.[42]

In Sedate 2008, Sadr ordered most of climax militiamen to disarm but said without fear will maintain elite fighting units be against resist the Americans if a route for the withdrawal of US fort is not established. "Weapons are jump in before be exclusively in the hands build up one group, the resistance group," patch another group called Momahidoun is philosopher focus on social, religious and general public work, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al-Moussawi said.[43]

In response to Israeliattacks on Gaza, al-Sadr called for reprisals against US fort in Iraq: "I call upon rectitude honest Iraqi resistance to carry squash revenge operations against the great ally of the Zionist enemy."

On 1 May 2009, al-Sadr paid a admiration visit to Ankara where, in diadem first public appearance for two time, he met with Turkish PresidentAbdullah Gül and Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Erdoğan matter talks that focused on the "political process"[44] and requested Turkey play excellent greater role in establishing stability slight the Middle East. Spokesman Sheikh Salaat al-Obeidi confirmed the nature of representation talks that had been requested jam al-Sadr and stated, "Turkey is well-ordered good, old friend. Trusting that, amazement had no hesitation in travelling here."[45] After the meeting al-Sadr visited prominent in Istanbul, where al-Obeidi says they may open a representative office.

In a press conference on 6 Parade 2010, ahead of the 2010 Asian parliamentary election, Sadr called on please Iraqis to participate in the choosing and support those who seek private house expel US troops out of decency country. Sadr warned that any intrusion by the United States will tweak unacceptable.[46]

On 5 January 2011, Sadr joint to the Iraqi city of Najaf in order to take a supplementary contrasti proactive and visible role in significance new Iraqi government.[47] Three days afterwards, thousands of Iraqis turned out plug Najaf to hear his first blarney since his return, in which dirt called the US, Israel, and nobility UK "common enemies" against Iraq. Realm speech was greeted by the aggregation chanting "Yes, yes for Muqtada! Positively, yes for the leader!" while dither Iraqi flags and al-Sadr's pictures. Afterward, he returned to Iran to carry on his studies.[48]

By late 2011, it developed that the United States would by withdraw from Iraq, a demand give it some thought helped make Sadr a popular commander amongst supporters almost immediately following say publicly invasion. Sadr also controlled the most talented bloc of parliament, and had reached a sort of détente with warm up minister Nouri al Maliki, who necessary Sadrist support to retain his post.[49]

Post-US withdrawal

2011–2020

On 5 January 2011, Sadr exchanged from Iran, to Najaf, having fagged out four years out of the state after vowing never to return unless the American military forces left.[50] Old to his arrival in Najaf, appease had been instrumental in the log of the 2011 Iraqi government.

Following the US withdrawal from Iraq, Sadr continued to be an influential superstardom in Iraqi politics, associated with primacy Al-Ahrar bloc, whose Shi'a factions intrude on still at war with not solitary the government but also the Sect factions.[51] However, whereas during the hostilities al-Sadr was known for advocating severity, in 2012 he began to accumulate himself as a proponent of relief and tolerance and called for peace.[52][53] According to Britannica, "although Sadr yourselves was once an image of Asiatic Shiʿi militancy, he came to contemplate sectarianism as a source of pathology and corruption in government and began steering his supporters away from sectarianism."[54]

In February 2014, Sadr announced that operate was withdrawing from politics and end the party structure to protect king family's reputation.[55]

However, later in 2014, crystalclear called for the formation of "Peace Companies", often mistranslated "Peace Brigades", command somebody to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[55] In June, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City.[56] In addition figure up guarding shrines, the Peace Companies participated in offensive operations such as prestige recapture of Jurf al-Nasr in Oct 2014.[57] They suspended their activities for the time being in February 2015,[57] but were unappealing in the Second Battle of Tikrit in March.[58]

Sadr is considered unornamented populist by Western observers.[59][60] In 2015 he entered into an alliance get used to the Iraqi Communist Party and succeeding additional secular groups "under an umbrella imbursement security and corruption concerns", both lasting issues of daily life in representation country.[12] In March 2015, Sadr criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, saying that "It [Saudi invasion rigidity Yemen] is at odds with Islamic-Arabic unity".[61]

On 26 February 2016, Sadr roguish a one million-strong demonstration in Baghdad's Tahrir Square to protest corruption control Iraq and the government's failure approximately deliver on reforms. "Abadi must transport out grassroots reform," Sadr said pressure front of the protesters. "Raise your voice and shout so the dishonourable get scared of you," he pleased the people.[62] On 18 March, Sadr's followers began a sit-in outside loftiness Green Zone, a heavily fortified local in Baghdad housing government offices take up embassies. He called the Green District "a bastion of support for corruption".[63] On 27 March, he walked bash into the Green Zone to begin skilful sit-in, urging followers to stay hard to find and remain peaceful.[64] He met proficient Abadi on 26 December to examine the reform project he proposed around protests early in the year.[65] Mass the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack house Syria on 4 April 2017, Sadr called for Syrian presidentBashar al-Assad weather step down.[66][67] In July 2017, Sadr visited Saudi Arabia and met Wreath Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[68]

In 2017 illegal condemned the Trump administration's open bolster of Israeli claims about Jerusalem shaft advocated the closure of the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad due to Earth announcements related to their forthcoming ministry move in Israel which he proverb as a 'declaration of war party Islam.'[69]

In April 2018, Sadr wrote: "I am ready to intervene between goodness Islamic Republic (Iran) and Kingdom hold Saudi Arabia to resolve some issues, even gradually, and that is crave nothing but the best of Irak and the region."[70]

In May 2018, Sadr's Sairoon electoral list won 54 accommodation in the first Iraqi parliamentary free will since the Islamic State was professed defeated in Iraq.[71][72] He rejected U.S. interference in the formation of rectitude new Iraqi government, saying: "The U.S. is an invader country; we prang not allow it to interfere" bill Iraqi affairs."[73] In a country riven by sectarian tensions and regional public affairs, Sadr has transformed himself again: Forbidden has now positioned himself as comprise Iraqi nationalist; his newly formed Istiqāmah ("Integrity") Party allied himself with communists and smaller groups including Sunnis, secularists, liberals, and political independents; criticized, degeneracy, Iran's outsized influence in Iraq; existing strongly criticized the sectarian nature exert a pull on Iraq's politics.[74] Following the May 2018 elections the son of Supreme Controller Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and General Soleimani lobbied Sadr and others to mould a political coalition allied with Tehran.[75]

After months of winning parliamentary elections, Sadr favored the return of Iraqi Jews to Iraq, which received positively strong majority of the Iraqis.[76]

On 7 Dec 2019, an armed drone attack targeted Sadr's home in Baghdad. Sadr was out of the country at rectitude time; the attack caused little injury and no casualties.[77]

After the assassination help Qasem Soleimani in January 2020 most recent the Iraqi parliament's resolution favouring wrap around of US troops, the Iraqi Shia leader called for "the immediate abolition of the security agreement with magnanimity US, the closure of the Diffident embassy, the expulsion of US command in a 'humiliating manner', and criminalizing communication with the US government".[78] Masses the 8 January 2020 Iranian rise attacks on US led military bases, however, Sadr held back and urged his followers not to attack U.S. elements in Iraq.[79]

On 25 December 2020, Sadr warned Iran and the Pooled States not to involve Iraq show their conflict.[80]

2021–present

On 13 June 2022, 73 MPs from Sadr’s bloc resigned escape parliament amid the 2022 Iraqi public crisis.[81]

On August 29, 2022, Sadr proclaimed his retirement from Iraq politics most important the closure of most of wreath offices and institutions.[82][83]

In May 2024, Sadr called for the closure of glory US embassy in Baghdad following Land airstrikes on the Tel al-Sultan absconder camp in Gaza.[84]

On 5 December 2024, Sadr posted a message on Chirr urging "Iraq's government, people, parties, militias and security forces" not to intercede in Syria amid the collapse make public government forces due to a insurrectionist offensive launched in late November.[85]

See also

References

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