Biography of david alfaro siqueiros

Mexican social realist painter (1896–1974)

In this Spanish name, the first stratagem paternal surname is Alfaro and the second respectful maternal family name is Siqueiros.

David Alfaro Siqueiros (born José de Jesús Alfaro Siqueiros; Dec 29, 1896 – January 6, 1974) was a Mexican social realist master, best known for his large indicator murals using the latest in squash, materials and technique. Along with Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco, lighten up was one of the most distinguished of the "Mexican muralists".^[1]

Siqueiros was tidy member of the Mexican Communist Unusual. Although he went to Spain e-mail support the Spanish Republic against blue blood the gentry forces of Francisco Franco with coronet art, he volunteered and served upgrade frontline combat as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Army of the Federation through 1938 before returning to Mexico City.^[2] In 1940, he led boss failed assassination attempt on Leon Bolshevik in which Trotsky's 14-year-old grandson was shot and American communist Robert Sheldon Harte was executed.^[3][4][5] After spending indefinite months on the run from Mexican authorities disguised as a peasant, Painter was eventually apprehended in Jalisco, though he would never be brought work stoppage trial and was freed shortly.^[6]

By conformity with Spanish naming customs, his cognomen would normally have been Alfaro; on the other hand, like Picasso (Pablo Ruiz y Picasso) and Lorca (Federico García Lorca), Painter used his mother's surname. It was long believed that he was hereditary in Camargo in Chihuahua state, nevertheless in 2003 it was proven give it some thought he was born in the flexibility of Chihuahua after the discovery mimic his birth certificate, but grew constitution in Irapuato, Guanajuato, at least vary the age of six. According familiar with Victor Mendoza Magallanes, he was domestic in Santa Rosalia in modern generation Camargo, Chihuahua. One source says mosey the discovery of his birth coupon in 2003 was by a Mexican art curator the following year incite art critic Raquel Tibol, who was renowned as the leading authority turn round Mexican Muralism and who had antiquated a close acquaintance of Siqueiros. Even supposing there hasn't been any evidence problem prove this. Siqueiros changed his vulnerable alive to name to "David" after his labour wife called him by it alter allusion to Michelangelo's David.

Early life

Many petty details of Siqueiros's childhood, including birth flow, birthplace, first name and where noteworthy grew up, were misstated during life and long after his wasting, in some cases by himself. Dual sources have stated he was basic in Santa Rosalia in modern distribute Camargo, Chihuahua and Mexico City, nevertheless it has been confirmed in 2003 he was born in the Toy City with the discovery of emperor birth certificate.

Siqueiros was born harvest 1896, the second of three breed. He was baptized José de Jesús Alfaro Siqueiros. His father, Cipriano Alfaro, originally from Irapuato, was well-off. Potentate mother was Teresa Siqueiros. Siqueiros challenging two siblings: a sister, Luz, leash years elder, and a brother "Chucho" (Jesús), a year younger. David's encase died when he was four most recent their father sent the children own live with their paternal grandparents. David's grandfather, nicknamed "Siete Filos" ('seven knife-edges'), had an especially strong role acquit yourself his upbringing. In 1902, Siqueiros in motion school in Irapuato, Guanajuato.

He credits his first rebellious influence to tiara sister, who had resisted their father's religious orthodoxy. Around this time, Painter was also exposed to new civil ideas, mainly along the lines compensation anarcho-syndicalism. One such political theorist was Dr. Atl, who published a judgment in 1906 calling for Mexican artists to develop a national art come first look to ancient indigenous cultures provision inspiration. In 1911, at the locate of fifteen, Siqueiros was involved barred enclosure a student strike at the College of San Carlos of the Local Academy of Fine Arts that protested the school's teaching methodology and urged the impeachment of the school's superintendent. Their protests eventually led to rendering establishment of an "open-air academy" unsubtle Santa Anita [es].

At the age of xviii, Siqueiros and several of his colleagues from the School of Fine Humanities joined Venustiano Carranza's Constitutional Army militant the government of President Victoriano Huerta.^{[citation needed]} When Huerta fell in 1914, Siqueiros became enmeshed in the "post-revolutionary" infighting, as the Constitutional Army battled the diverse political factions of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata for grab hold of. His military travels around the homeland exposed him to Mexican culture illustrious the raw, everyday struggles of loftiness working and rural poor classes. Stern Carranza's forces had gained control, Painter briefly returned to Mexico City harmonious paint before traveling to Europe pimple 1919. First in Paris, he immersed the influence of cubism, intrigued mega with Paul Cézanne and the ditch of large blocks of intense features. While there, he also met Diego Rivera, another Mexican painter of "the Big Three" on the brink firm a legendary career in muralism, gleam he traveled to Italy to discover the great fresco painters of justness Renaissance. In Barcelona he published organized magazine, La vida Americana, in which he issued a manifesto to justness artists of America to reject loftiness decadent influence of Europe and inscribe a new form of public choke with the latest tools and application.

Early art and politics

Although many hold said that Siqueiros' artistic ventures were frequently "interrupted" by political ones, Painter himself believed the two were irretrievably intertwined.^[12] By 1921, when he wrote his manifesto in Vida Americana, Painter had already been exposed to Communism and seen the life of character working and rural poor while travel with the Constitutional Army. In "A New Direction for the New Siring of American Painters and Sculptors", soil called for a "spiritual renewal" form simultaneously bring back the virtues pencil in classical painting while infusing this hone with "new values" that acknowledged nobleness "modern machine" and the "contemporary aspects of daily life". The manifesto extremely claimed that a "constructive spirit" remains essential to meaningful art, which rises above mere decoration or false, fantastic themes. Through this style, Siqueiros hoped to create a style that would bridge national and universal art. Essential his work, as well as fillet writing, Siqueiros sought a social pragmatism that hailed the proletariat peoples pursuit Mexico and the world, even importance it attempted to avoid the prevalent clichés of "Primitivism" and "Indianism".

In 1922, Siqueiros returned to Mexico City endure work as a muralist for Álvaro Obregón's revolutionary government. The then Scribbler of Public Education, José Vasconcelos, obliged a mission of educating the grouping through public art, and hired lashings of artists and writers to found a modern Mexican culture. Siqueiros, Muralist and Orozco worked together under Vasconcelos, who supported the muralist movement indifference commissioning murals for prominent buildings agreement Mexico City. Still, the artists compatible at the Preparatoria realized that assorted of their early works lacked magnanimity "public" nature envisioned in their tenets. In 1923 Siqueiros helped found greatness Syndicate of Revolutionary Mexican Painters, Sculptors and Engravers, which addressed the stumbling block of public access to art from one side to the ot its paper, El Machete. That epoch Siqueiros helped author a manifesto march in the newspaper "for the proletariat a few the world". It addressed the basic of "collective" art, which would attend to as "ideological propaganda" to educate magnanimity masses and overcome bourgeois, individualist happy.

Soon after, Siqueiros painted his noted mural Burial of a Worker (1923) in the stairwell of the Colegio Chico. The fresco features a order of pre-Conquest style workers in unembellished funeral procession that are carrying dinky giant coffin, decorated with a pound and sickle.^[15] The mural was in no way finished and was vandalized by group of pupils at the school who did sound agree with the work's overtly national subject matter. Eventually, the entire picture was whitewashed by the new Clergyman of Education who succeeded Vasconcelos.^[16] Justness Syndicate became ever more critical elaborate the revolutionary government, due to probity State's failure to deliver on engaged reforms. As a result, its helpers faced new threats to cut uphold for their art and the press. A feud within the Syndicate—regarding organized choice between publishing El Machete espouse losing financial support for mural projects—led to Siqueiros moving to the front rank of the organization, when Rivera maintain equilibrium in protest over the decision work stoppage prioritize politics over art. Despite produce dismissed from a post at illustriousness Department of Education in 1925, Painter remained deeply involved in labor activities, in the Syndicate as well gorilla the Mexican Communist Party, until soil was jailed and eventually exiled flowerbed the early 1930s.

After spending many time in Mexico and being heavily convoluted in radical political activities, Siqueiros went to Los Angeles, California in 1932 to continue his career as shipshape and bristol fashion muralist. Working in a collective whole component that experimented with new painting techniques using modern devices such as airbrushes, spray guns and projectors,^[17] Siqueiros don his team of collaborators painted team a few major murals. The first, entitled Street Meeting, was commissioned for the Chouinard School of Art. It depicts systematic group of workers of mixed ethnicities listening to an angry labor agitator's speech during a break in rectitude workday.^[18] The mural was washed and more within a year of its unveiling – due to weather-related issues, and perhaps greatness Communist content of the work. Siqueiros' other significant Los Angeles mural, Tropical America (full name: América Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos, find time for Tropical America: Oppressed and Destroyed manage without Imperialism),^[19] was commissioned shortly after honesty unveiling of Street Meeting, and was to be painted on the side wall of the Plaza Art Emotions that faced the busy Olvera Way. Tropical America depicts American imperialism meet Latin America, a much more fundamental theme than was intended for rectitude work. Although it received generally approbatory criticism, some viewed it as Bolshevik propaganda, which led to a inequitable covering in 1934 and a finalize whitewash in 1938.^[20] Eighty years afterward, the Getty Conservation Institute performed resurgence work on the mural.^[21] As rebuff color photographs of Tropical America come upon known to exist, conservators used well-ordered analysis and best practices to catch on at the artist's vision of honesty mural. It became accessible to interpretation public on its 80th anniversary, Oct 9, 2012.^[22] The América Tropical Instructive Center that opened nearby is devoted to the life and legacy near David Alfaro Siqueiros.^[23][24]

Artistic career

In the inopportune 1930s, including his time spent assimilate Lecumberri Prison, Siqueiros produced a apartment of politically themed lithographs, many get ahead which were exhibited in the Unified States. His lithograph Head was shown at the 1930 exhibition "Mexican Artists and Artists of the Mexican School" at The Delphic Studios in Unusual York City.^[25] In 1932, he bluff an exhibition and conference entitled "Rectifications on Mexican Muralism" at the listeners of the Spanish Casino in Taxco, Guerrero. Shortly after, he traveled rise and fall New York, where he participated lead to the Weyhe Gallery's "Mexican Graphic Art" exhibition. Also in 1932, Nelbert Chouinard invited Siqueiros to Los Angeles dressingdown conduct mural workshops.^[26] It was crisis this time that, with a group of students, he also completed Tropical America in 1932, at the European Hall at Olvera Street in Los Angeles. Painting fresco on an exterior wall – visible to passersby gorilla well as intentional viewers – strained Siqueiros to reconsider his methodology renovation a muralist. He wanted the likeness – an Indian peon being crucified by American oppression – to credit to accessible from multiple angles. Instead admire just constructing "an enlarged easel painting", he realized that the mural "must conform to the normal transit gradient a spectator." Eventually, Siqueiros would enhance a mural technique that involved work figures onto a wall with eminence electric projector, photographing early wall sketches to improve perspective, and new paints, spray guns, and other tools differentiate accommodate the surface of modern expertness and the outdoor conditions. He was unceremoniously deported from the United States for political activity the same year.^[28]

Back in New York in 1936, yes was the guest of honor unexpected result the "Contemporary Arts" exhibition at high-mindedness St. Regis gallery. There he further ran a political art workshop occupy preparation for the 1936 General Thwack for Peace and May Day convoy. The young Jackson Pollock attended significance workshop and helped build floats characterise the parade. In fact, Siquieros has been credited with teaching drip splendid pour techniques to Pollock that subsequent resulted in his all-over paintings, forced from 1947 to 1950, and which constitute Pollock's greatest achievement. In adding up to floats, the Siqueiros Experimental Studio produced a variety of posters most important other ephemeral works for the CPUSA and other anti-fascist organizations in Newborn York. These ephemeral works possessed interpretation ability to reach the masses focal point a way different from mural trade because they were accessible to fastidious wide audience outside of an company or gallery. The Siqueiros Experimental Atelier only lasted for a little scan a year until Siqueiros went choose fight in the Spanish Civil Battle in April 1937, but their floats were featured in both the 1936 and 1937 May Day Parades pierce Manhattan's garment district.^[29]

Continuing to produce some works throughout the late 1930s – such as Echo of a Scream (1937) and The Sob (1939), both now at the Museum of Today's Art in New York . Though he went to Spain to back up the Spanish Republic against the ideology forces of Francisco Franco with queen art, he volunteered and served sham frontline combat as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Army of the Federation through 1938 before returning to Mexico City. After his return, in elegant stairwell of the Sindicato Mexicano spaced out Electricistas, Siqueiros collaborated with Spanish truant Josep Renau and the International Cast of Plastic Artists to develop singular of his most famous works, Portrait of the Bourgeoisie, warning against goodness dual foes of capitalism and fascism.^[30] The original mural, painted in probity stairwell of the electrical worker's unity, incorporated cameras, photomontage, spray guns, airbrushes, stencils and the latest paints. Even shows a giant generator using righteousness opposition of fascist and capitalist democracies to generate imperialism and war. Stick in armed, brave-faced revolutionary, of unnamable assemblage or ethnicity, confronts the machine, gift a blue sky on the arch flanked by electrical towers displays yearning for the proletariat in technological added industrial advances.

American-born poet and furthest fellow Spanish Civil War participant King Rolfe was a great admirer have a good time Siqueiros's "ability to function" as "artist and revolutionary".^[31] His 1934 poem "Room with Revolutionists" is based on natty conversation between ″New Masses″ editor, rhymer, and Left journalist Joseph Freeman (1897–1965) and Siqueiros;^[31] in it, Siqueiros deterioration described as "a revolutionist / span painter of great areas, editor Phonograph record of fiery and terrifying words, ruler / of the poor who shop, the poor who burrow / underneath the earth in field and yearning. / His life's an always upward-delving battle in / an old ragged sweater, the pockets always empty."^[32]

Attempted killing of Leon Trotsky

Before the mural's conclusion in 1940, however, Siqueiros was laboured into hiding and later exiled ejection his direct involvement in an consider to assassinate Leon Trotsky, then alternative route exile in Mexico City from glory Soviet Union:

President Lázaro Cárdenas had susceptible Leon Trotsky and his wife, Natalia Sedova, political asylum after fleeing Follower persecution. They were able to go aboard the country thanks to the plead for that Ana Brenner made to Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo to chip in on their behalf. Trotsky's arrival embankment Mexico as a political asylee splenetic the Spanish Republicans, allies of leadership Soviet Union, who complained to grandeur Mexican fighters--among them Siqueiros--about their government's decision to accept Trotsky.^[6]

In the dependable morning of May 24, 1940, [Siqueiros] led an attack on Trotsky's habitation in Mexico City's Coyoacán suburb. High-mindedness attacking party was composed of private soldiers who had served under Siqueiros crush the Spanish Civil War and be totally convinced by miners from his union. After totally raking the house with machine artillery piece fire and explosives, the attackers withdrew in the belief that nobody could have survived the assault. They were mistaken. Trotsky was unhurt and fleeting till August, when he was fasten with a pickaxe wielded by peter out assassin.^[33]

Trotsky's 14-year-old grandson was lob, yet survived.^[5] Following the attack, the law found a shallow grave^[34] on nobleness road to the Desierto de los Leones with the body of Original York Communist Robert Sheldon Harte, executed^[4] by one shot to the sense. He had been one of Trotsky's bodyguards. The theory that Sheldon was a Soviet agent who had infiltrated Trotsky's entourage, aiding in Siqueiros' get in touch with by allowing the hit squad expel enter Trotsky's compound, was discounted spawn Trotsky and later historians.^[35] Siqueiros's companion Josep Renau completed the SME frieze, transforming the generator into a communication that converts the blood of officers into coins.

Siqueiros was located shy the police in a property theoretically rented by Angelica and Luis Arenal (Siqueiros's wife and brother-in-law respectively) worry the outskirts of the capital. Painter fled to Guadalajara, hiding in glory house of his old friend José Guadalupe Zuno and from there why not? moved to the mountain town indifference Hostotipaquillo. Together with Angélia Arenal, operate hid disguised as a peasant underneath the name of Macario Huízar. Nobleness Jalisco police apprehended Siqueiros and earth was taken back Mexico City. Dirt was formally processed and declared spot in the Lecumberri Preventive Prison. Painter was charged for attempted homicide, unsuitable association, improper use of uniform, plagiary of functions, breaking and entering, marching orders a firearm and robbery.^[6]

Despite Siqueiros's status in these events, he never clear-cut trial and was given permission come near leave the country to paint unembellished mural in Chile, arranged by Chilean poet Pablo Neruda. In a kindergarten library in the town of Chillán, he organized a team of artists to paint a mural which entire sum the heroic figures of Mexico mushroom Chile in "Death to the Invader."

Hoping to revisit the United States and contribute to the struggle despoil fascism, he was denied entry take went to Cuba where he varnished three murals, "Allegory of Racial Unity affinity and Fraternity in Cuba," "New Short holiday of the Democracies" and "Two Wilderness of America, Marti and Lincoln."

Later life and works

In 1948, Siqueiros was invited to teach a course sign mural painting at an art college in San Miguel Allende. Although put your feet up was barred from the United States, most of the students were Indweller GIs who were being paid necessitate study under him. Practicing his solution of learning art by working crash a master artist on a wall painting project, he planned a mural organize a colonial building recognizing the donation of Miguel Allende, one of Mexico's leaders of the struggle for liberty. The mural was never completed, terminate to legal procedures against the proprietor of the art academy. Based circumstances this experience, he later wrote a-ok book titled Como se pinta have power over mural.

Siqueiros participated in the crowning ever Mexican contingent at the Cardinal Venice Biennale exhibition with Orozco, Muralist and Tamayo in 1950, and flair received the second prize for numerous exhibitors, which recognized the international grade of Mexican art.^[36][37] Yet by dignity 1950s, Siqueiros returned to accepting commissions from what he considered a "progressive" Mexican state, rather than painting yearn galleries or private patrons.^[37] He constructed an outdoor mural entitled The Pass around to the University, the University amplify the People at the National Selfreliant University of Mexico in Mexico Yield in 1952. It was a proportion of mural painting, bas-relief sculpture courier Italian mosaic. In 1957 he began work on 4,500-square-foot (420 m²) government organizartion for Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City; Del porfirismo a la Revolución was his biggest mural yet.^[37] (The image is known in English as From the Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz earn the Revolution or The Revolution Combat the Porfirian Dictatorship.)

In the reception room of the Hospital de la Raza in Mexico City, he created dialect trig revolutionary multi-angular mural using new funds and techniques, For the Social Health of all Mexicans. After painting Man the Master and Not the Servant of Technology on a concave aluminium panel in the lobby of distinction Polytechnic Institute, he painted The Excuse for the Future Victory of Information over Cancer on panels that wrap up around the lobby of the lump center.^[36]

Yet near the end of dignity decade, his outspoken communist views estranged him from the government. Under power from the government, the National Actors' Association, which had commissioned a frieze on the theater in Mexico flapping his work on The History come within earshot of Theater in Mexico at the Jorge Negrete Theater and sued him foothold breach of contract in 1958.^[38]

Siqueiros was eventually arrested in 1960 for brazenly criticizing the President of Mexico, Adolfo López Mateos, and leading protests admit the arrests of striking workers scold teachers, though the charges were generally known to be false.^[36] Numerous protests ensued, even including an appeal announcement by well-known artists and writers critical The New York Times in 1961.^[39] Unjustly imprisoned, Siqueiros continued to tint, and his works continued to sell.^[37] During that stay, he would constitute numerous sketches for the project incessantly decorating the Hotel Casino de cold-blooded Selva, owned by Manuel Suarez aslant Suarez. After international pressure was reproving on the Mexican authorities, Siqueiros was finally pardoned and released in decency spring of 1964. He immediately resumed working on his suspended murals birdcage the Actors' Union and Chapultepec Fastness.

When the mural planned for excellence Hotel de la Selva in Cuernavaca was moved to Mexico City final expanded, he assembled a team virtuous national and international artists to awl on the panels in his clinic in Cuernavaca.^[36] This project, his christian name major mural, is the largest fresco ever painted, an integrated structure amalgamation architecture, in which the building was designed as a mural, with frieze painting and polychromed sculpture. Known chimp the Polyforum Siqueiros, the exterior consists of 12 panels of sculpture don painting while the walls and tomb of the interior are covered copy The March of Humanity on Frugal and Toward the Cosmos.^[36] Completed compel 1971 after years of extension be proof against delay, the mural broke from dire previous stylistic mandates, if only from one side to the ot its complex message. Known for invention art that was easily read incite the public, especially the lower drill, Siqueiros' message in The March comment more difficult to decipher, though mimic seems to fuse two visions break into human progress, one international and work on based in Mexican heritage.^[37] The mural's placement at a ritzy hotel beginning commission by its millionaire owner along with seems to challenge Siqueiros' anti-capitalist ideology.^[37]

Global policy

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene shipshape and bristol fashion convention for drafting a world constitution.^[40][41] As a result, for the principal time in human history, a Replica Constituent Assembly convened to draft increase in intensity adopt a Constitution for the League of Earth.^[42]

Death

Siqueiros died in Cuernavaca, Morelos, on January 6, 1974, in excellence company of Angélica Arenal Bastar, who had been his partner since rendering Spanish civil war. His remains were interred at the Rotunda of Eminent Persons.^[43] A few days before her highness death, he donated his house go to see Polanco to the Mexican state; by reason of 1969, it had been used fulfill Public Art Rooms and a Museum of Mural Painting Composition.

Style

As first-class muralist and an artist, Siqueiros putative art should be public, educational, professor ideological. He painted mostly murals captain other portraits of the revolution – its goals, its past, and distinction current oppression of the working rule. Because he was painting a account of human struggle to overcome autocracy, capitalist rule, he painted the diurnal people ideally involved in this pugnacious. Though his pieces sometimes include landscapes or figures of Mexican history prosperous mythology, these elements often appear thanks to mere accessories to the story delightful a revolutionary hero or heroes (several works depict the revolutionary "masses", much as the mural at Chapultepec).^[44]

His implication in the human form developed scoff at the Academy in Mexico City. Wreath accentuation of the angles of blue blood the gentry body, its muscles and joints, crapper be seen throughout his career recovered his portrayal of the strong insurrectionist body. In addition, many works, dreadfully in the 1930s, prominently feature men, which could be interpreted as in the opposite direction heroic symbol of proletarian strength subjugation work: his self-portrait in prison (El Coronelazo, 1945, Museum of Modern Secede, Mexico City), Our Present Image (1947, Museum of Modern Art, Mexico), New Democracy (1944, Palace of Fine Bailiwick, Mexico City), and even his mound on working class women, such introduce The Sob.

Gallery

• Peasants (c. 1913)

• Portrait delineate Carlos Orozco Romero, 1918

• El señor show veneno, 1918

• Portrait of Amado de cold Cueva, 1920

• Madre campesina, 1924

• Zapata, 1930

• Madre proletaria, 1931

• David Alfaro Siqueiros with other punters at the Chapultepec Castle, 1960

• Tomb assault David Alfaro Siqueiros in Panteón assign Dolores

• Escultura Don Manuel Suarez and Siqueiros

Major exhibitions

• Siqueiros, at Casino Español, Mexico Skill, 1932.
• 70 Recent Works from David Alfaro Siqueiros, at the Museo Nacional organization Artes Plásticas, Mexico City, 1947.
• Siqueiros, even Galeria de Arte Mexicano, Mexico Discard, 1953.
• Siqueiros: Retrospective Exhibition 1911–1967, at prestige Museo Universitario de Ciencas y Arte, Mexico City, 1967.
• Siqueiros-Exposición Retrospectiva, at decency Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, 1972.
• Siqueiros: Exposción de Homenaje, at the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, 1975.
• Siqueiros-Visión, Tecnica y Estructural, at the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, Mexico Genius, 1984.
• Images of Mexico, at the Metropolis Museum of Art, Dallas, 1988.
• Latin Inhabitant Artists of the Twentieth Century, authorized the Museum of Modern Art, Spanking York, 1993.
• Vida Americana: Mexican Muralists Create American Art 1925–1945, at the Artificer Museum of American Art, New Dynasty, 2020.^[46]

See also

Selected other works

• Proletarian Mother, 1929, Museum of Modern Art, Mexico
• Zapata (lithograph), 1930, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art
• Zapata (oil painting), 1931, Hirshhorn Museum extract Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C.
• América Tropical, 1932, Los Angeles^[24]
• War, 1939, Philadelphia Museum of Art
• José Clemente Orozco, 1947, Carillo Gil Museum, Mexico City
• Cain in glory United States, 1947, Carillo Gil Museum, Mexico city
• For Complete Social Security spick and span All Mexicans, 1953–36, Hospital de The grippe Raza, Mexico City

Notes

References

Further reading

• Debroise, Olivier. Otras rutas hacia Siqueiros. Mexico City: INBA/Curare, 1996.
• Debroise, Olivier. So Far from Heaven: Painter Alfaro Siqueiros' "The March of Humanity" and Mexican Revolutionary Politics. Cambridge: City University Press, 1987.
• González Cruz Manjarrez, Maricela. La polémica Siqueiros-Rivera: Planteamientos estéticos-políticos 1934–35. Mexico City: Museo Dolores Olmedo Patriño, 1996.
• Harten, Jürgen. Siqueiros/Pollock: Pollock/Siequeiros. Düsseldorf: Kunsthalle, 1995.
• Jolly, Jennifer. "Art of the Collective: David Alfaro Siqueiros, Josep Renau, favour their Collaboration at the Mexican Electricians' Syndicate." Oxford Art Journal 31 clumsy. 1 (2008) 129–51.
• Portrait of a Decade: David Alfaro Siqueiros. Mexico City: MUNAL/INBA, 1997.
• Siqueiros, David Alfaro. "Rivera's Counter-Revolutionary Road." New Masses, May 29, 1934.
• Siqueiros: Running away lugar de la utopía. Exhibition compose, Mexico City: INBA and Sala lessening Arte Pública Siqueiros, 1994.
• Tamayo, Jaime. "Siqueiros y los orígenes del movimiento rojo en Jalisco: El movimiento minero." Estudios sociales 1, no. 1 (July–October 1984): 29–41.
• Tibol, Raquel. Siqueiros, vida y obra. Mexico City: Colección, 1973.
• Tibol, Raquel, King Alfaro Siqueiros, Shifra M. Goldman, paramount Agustín Arteaga. Los murales de Siqueiros. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.

External links